Hindi gk

The modern Republic of India has several official national symbols including a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a song as well as several national symbols. All the symbols were picked up at various times. The design of the national flag was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly just 21 days before Independence, on the 24th of July in 1947.[1] There are also several other patriotic symbols including the national animal, bird, fruit, flower and tree... have all been selected carefully to project the image of India at its best. They are chosen to reflect Indian culture and beliefs and also the positive at - tributes often associated with Indian traditions  national symbols of india in english National Emblem: State emblem of India is an adaptation form the Sarnath Lion capital of Ashoka. it was dopted by the Government of India on January 26, 1950. In the adapted form, only three lions are visble, the fourth being hidden form the view. The wheel (Dharma Chakra) appears in relie...

Vedic Culture (1500 BC-600 BC)  Aryans were migrated from outside [Central Asia (Max Muller)/Europe/Arctic region B.C. Tilak].   Boghazkai inscription (Asia Minor, Turkey) p r o v e s C e n t r a l A s i a n T h e o r y a s t h e i r homeland.  The group that came to India first settled in the present Frontier Province and the Punjab–then called Sapta Sindhu, i.e. region of seven rivers.  Vedic literature comprises four literary productions: (1) The Samhitas or Vedas; (2) The Brahmans; (3) The Aranyakas; (4) The Upanishads.  There are four Vedas–Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The first three Vedas are jointly called Vedatrayi, i.e. trio of Vedas.  RIGVEDA The oldest religious text in the world.   Collection of hymns, composed around 1700 BC, contains 1,028 hymns and is divided into 10 mandalas.  The third mandala contains the G a y a t r i Mantra.  Saraswati is the deity river in the Rigveda.  ...

GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ nobles, Alauddin issued four important ordinances.  • He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive role of soldiers).  • The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of collection of revenue. • Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities. For this purpose, he set up three markets in Delhi. REVENUE REFORMS OF ALAUDDIN KHILJI Market/Economic Reforms  • Alauddin controlled the market by many regulations.  • Fixed the cost of all commodities.  • He setup three markets in Delhi. • All goods for sale were brought to the open market called ‘Sarai Adi’.  • He established the market control department under a minister called diwan-i-riyasat. • Measured the cultivable land and fixed the land revenue. Bishwa was declared to be the standard of measurement.  • The state demanded half of the produce. • Alauddin is credited to have built many forts and the most im...

JALALUDDIN KHILJI  • He was the first ruler of Delhi Sultanate to clearly put forward the view that the state should be based on the willing support of the governed and that since the large majority of the people in India were Hindus, the state in India could not be a truly Islamic State.  • The most important aspect of his reign was invasion of Devagiri in 1294 AD by his nephew and son-in-law Alauddin Khilji.  • The Sultan went to Kara to meet Alauddin Khiiji. But Alauddin killed Jalaluddin on a boat in the Ganges on 20 July, 1296. ALAUDDIN KHILJI (1296 AD–1316AD)  • He was the nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji killed him and succeeded the throne in 1296 . • He came to the throne by treacherously murdering his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin Khilji. • He first conquered Gujarat.  • Then h e captured Ranthambhor, Chittor and Malwa. • He was the first Turkish Sultan who separated religion from politics.  • Alauddin streng...

THE RAJPUTS  Origin: Four of the Rajputs clans claim, to have descendant from a mythical figure that arose out of a sacrificial fire pit (Agnikund) near Mount Abu. They are:  Parmars/pawars of malwa.  Chalukyas/Solankis of kathiawar.  Chauhans of East Rajasthan.  Partihara/ pariharas of south Rajasthan.  Some Important Rajputs Kingdoms Rajputs Kingdom Capital Founder Pawar of Malwa  Ujjain, Dhar Sri Harsha Partihara of Kannauj Avanti Kannauj Nagabhatta Chauhan/ Chanman of Delhi-Ajmer Delhi Vasudeva Rashtrakuta of Malkhand Manyakhata Danti Durga Chandela of Jejakbhukti  Khajuraho, Mahoba kalinjar Nannuk Chandela  Gadhawal/Rathor of kannauj Kannauj Chandradeva Guhilota/Sisodiya of Mewar Chittor  Bappa Rawal, Hammir II Kalchuri/ Haihaya of Chedi Tripuri Kokkala DELHI  SULTANATE  ( 1206  AD-1526 AD) First Muslim invasion by Moha...

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Palaeolithic Period Homo sapiens first appeared towards the end of this phase. In this period, Man barely managed to gather his food and subsisted on hunting.  Distinguished by the development of the first stone tools made up of quartzite  Palaeolithic period is divided into three phases. They are 1. Lower Palaeolithie 2. Middle Palaeolithie 3.Upper Palaeolithie Mesolithic Period Domestication of animals (particularly., dogs) began and characteristic tools were used, called as microliths. Bhimbetka in madhya pradesh is known for ancient caves depicting pictures of birds, animals and humans.  Neolithic period  Neolithic people knew about fire and wheel. An important site of this age is Burzahom, which means 'the place of birch' Chalcolithie Period  use of copper and stone made tools.  They practised agriculture, venerated Mother Goddess and worshipped the bull.    INDUS VALL...

Intelligence Agencies Country Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) Pakistan Central Intelligence Agencies (CIA) and  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) United States of America  Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (KGB)/ Glavnoje Razvdyvatel’noje Upravlenije (GRU)  Russia MOSSAD Israel Militärischer Nachrichtendienst Switzerland Australine Security and Interforze Organization Australia Centro Intelligence Interforze (CII) Italy Royal Intelligence Corps  Malaysia  Mukhbarat Egypt Central External Liaison Department  China  Military Counterintelligence Service Germany Sazamane Etelaat va Amniate Kechvar (SAVAK) Iran Etterretniingstjenesten Norway Naicho Japan Bureau of State Security (BOSS) South Africa Canadian Security Intelligence Service Canada Al mukbharat  Iraq Direction General de securite Exterieur  (DGSE) France Secret Intelligen...

                        Cabinet Ministers  List Ram Kripal Yadav Drinking water and sanitation Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Minority Affairs  Parlimentary Affairs  Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary  Home Affairs Sanwar Lal Jat Water Resources  River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation Mohanbhai kalyanjibhai Kundariya Agriculture Giriraj Singha  Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises  Hansraj Gangaram Ahir  Chemicals & Fertilizers G.M. Siddehwara Heavy Industries and public Enterprises  Manoj Sinha  Railways Nihalchand  Panchayati Raj  Upendra Kushwaha  Human Resources Development Radhakrishnan P  Road Transport & Highway  Shipping  Kiren Rijiju  Home affairs  Krishan Pal  Social Justice & Empowerment Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan  Agriculture M...

Ancient India Harappan/Indus Civilization (2500 BC-1750 BC) ⇨ The oldest name-  Indus Civilization. ⇨ According to archaeological tradition, the most appropriate name - Harappan civilization ( Harappa-the first discovered site).  ⇨According to gographical point of view, the most suitable name-Indus saraswati civilization (the largest concentration of settlement-along the Indus saraswati river valley : 80% settlement along the saraswati).  ⇨  Jhon Marshall was the first scholar to use the term 'Indus Civilization' .  ⇨ The Indus civilization was  spread over Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, western U.p and Northern Maharashtra.  ⇨ Scholars generally believe that Harappa-Ghaggar- Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland pf the Indus civilization.  ⇨ The Northern most site of Indus Civilization - Roper ( sutlejPunjab (Earlier); Manda   (Chenab)/ Jammu-Kashmir (Now). The Eastern most s...