16 march 2025 current affairs नमस्कार दोस्तों आप सभी का स्वागत है हमारे blog पर जहां हम आपके लिए लाते हैं रोज नहीं करंट अफेयर्स की खबरें जानते हैं आज का करंट अफेयर 16 माँ मार्च 2025 राष्ट्रीय समाचार: भारत का वेब3 इकोसिस्टम 2024 में 4.7 मिलियन नए डेवलपर्स के साथ बढ़ा: भारत तेजी से वेब3 में वैश्विक नेता के रूप में उभर रहा है। एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, 2024 में भारत में 4.7 मिलियन नए वेब3 डेवलपर्स जुड़े, और अनुमान है कि 2028 तक भारत वेब3 डेवलपर्स के लिए सबसे बड़ा केंद्र बन जाएगा। रिलायंस जियो और स्पेसएक्स का समझौता: भारत की अग्रणी दूरसंचार कंपनी रिलायंस जियो ने एलन मस्क की स्पेसएक्स के साथ एक महत्वपूर्ण समझौता किया है। इस साझेदारी का उद्देश्य पूरे भारत में स्टारलिंक की उपग्रह-आधारित इंटरनेट सेवाएँ लाना है, जिससे विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण और दूरस्थ क्षेत्रों में इंटरनेट कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार होगा। Today current affairs अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समाचार: भारत और जापान के बीच 2+2 मंत्री संवाद: हाल ही में भारत और जापान के बीच 2+2 मंत्री संवाद हुआ, जिसमें दोनों देशों ने रक्षा और विदेश नीति क...
GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ
nobles, Alauddin issued four important ordinances.
• He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive role of soldiers).
• The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of collection of revenue.
• Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities. For this purpose, he set up three markets in Delhi. REVENUE REFORMS OF ALAUDDIN KHILJI Market/Economic Reforms
• Alauddin controlled the market by many regulations.
• Fixed the cost of all commodities.
• He setup three markets in Delhi.
• All goods for sale were brought to the open market called ‘Sarai Adi’.
• He established the market control department under a minister called diwan-i-riyasat.
• Measured the cultivable land and fixed the land revenue. Bishwa was declared to be the standard of measurement.
• The state demanded half of the produce.
• Alauddin is credited to have built many forts and the most important of them is Ali Fort. He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the entrance gate of Qutub Minar.
• He also built the palace of thousand pillars called ‘Hazar Sutun’, Hauz Khas and Jamait Khana post and built his capital at Siri. He adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sahni.
• He is the first Turkish sultan who separated religion from politics.
• He patronized Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi. SUCCESSORS OF ALAUDDIN
• After the death of Alauddin in 1316 AD, Malik Kafur Hazar Dinari seized the throne, but he could not rule for long and nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin’s sixteenth son) as king.
• Shihabuddin was deposed by Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah (1316 AD–1320 AD).
• Nasiruddin Shah (1320 AD) killed Mubarak Shah and himself was killed by Ghazi Malik, governor of Dipalpur. THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320 AD–1414 AD) GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ
• Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty or the dynasty of the Qaraunah Turks.
• He was the first sultan of Delhi who took up the title of Ghazi or slayer of the infidels.
• Construction of canals and formulation o f a famine policy.
• Started the barter system or sharing of crops.
• He sent his son Jauan Khan to re-establish the authority in Warangal (Kakatiya) and Madurai (Pandyas).
• He built the city of Tughlaqabad near Delhi and made it his capital.
• Sufisaint, Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia said Delhi is far away in regard to him.
• He died in 1325 AD, after a fall from a highraised pavilion. MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ (1325AD–1351AD) • Prince Jauan, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, ascended the throne in 1325 AD
. • He had five ambitious projects for which he became particularly debatable. i. Taxation in the Doab (1326 AD) ii. Transfer of Capital (1327 AD): from Delhi to Devagiri. Devagiri was thus named Daulatabad. iii. Introduction of Token Currency (1329 AD) iv. Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329 AD) v. Qarachil Expedition (1330 AD): His five projects led to revolts.
• He was an expert in Arabic, Persian Astronomy, Philosophy, Maths and Medicine.
• He died in Thatta (Sind) while campaigning against a Turkish slave Taghi.
• A new department of agriculture Diwan-i-Kohi was set up. He built fortress of Adilabad and city of ‘Jahanpanah’. • The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn Batuta came to Delhi in 1334 AD and acted as the Qazi of the capital for eight years. He recorded the contemporary Indian science in his Safranamah (Rahela).
FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351 AD–1388 AD)
• He was the cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After his death, the nobles and theologians of the court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan.
• He decreed that whenever a noble died, his son should be allowed to succeed to his position including his Iqta if he had no sons. His son-in-law and, in his absence, his slave was to succeed.
• Firoz extended the principle o f heredity to the army.
• Firoz tried to win over the theologians proclaiming that he was a true Muslim king and the state under him was truly Islamic.
• He prohibited the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints.
• It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate tax. Firoz refused to exempt the Brahmanas from payment of Jizya.
• Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were imposed. These taxes were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya and Khams
. • Firoz repaired a number o f canals and imposed Haque-i-Sharb o r Hasil-i-Sharb (water tax). • He was a great builder. The cities of Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur and Firozabad stand to his credit.
• He encouraged the practice of slavery and selected young boys from the conquered territory for the purpose. Diwan-i-Bandagon was created as the department for slaves.
• He brought two pillars of Ashoka from Topara and Meerut to Delhi, and repaired Qutub Minar when it was stuck by lightening. • He established a hospital in Delhi. He was known as Darul-Shifa.
• He introduced two new coins–Adha (50% Jital) and Bikh (25% Jital). Mathura was destroyed during that period. • Barani, the historian, was in his court. He wrote Tarikh-i-Feroshahi and Fatwa-i-Jahangiri.
• However, his rule was marked by peace and tranquility, and the credit for it goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul. Taxation System Firoz Shah Tughlaq introduced new system of taxation according to Quran.
• Kharaj: A land tax of 1/10th of the procedure of land.
• Zakat: 2.5 tax on property (by muslim only).
• Jaziya: A tax by non-muslim (even by Brahmins).
• Khams:1/6th of the booty captured during war.
AFTER FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1388 AD–1414AD)
• After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah-I succeeded. He was replaced by Abu Bakr Shah in 1389 AD.
• Abu Bakr was replaced by Nasiruddin Muhammad in 1390 AD. Nasiruddin Mohammad was replaced by Alauddin Sikandar Shah for brief in 1394 AD but regained the throne after Sikandar’s death. He ruled till 1412 AD. During his period, Timur invaded India. Timur’s Invasion (1398 AD–1399 AD)
• Timur, the lame, a Turkish Chief invaded India in 1398 during the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty. Timur returned to Central Asia, leaving a nominee named Khizr Khan to rule in Punjab.
nobles, Alauddin issued four important ordinances.
• He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of horse) and Chehra (descriptive role of soldiers).
• The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was created for the purpose of collection of revenue.
• Alauddin sought to fix cost of all commodities. For this purpose, he set up three markets in Delhi. REVENUE REFORMS OF ALAUDDIN KHILJI Market/Economic Reforms
• Alauddin controlled the market by many regulations.
• Fixed the cost of all commodities.
• He setup three markets in Delhi.
• All goods for sale were brought to the open market called ‘Sarai Adi’.
• He established the market control department under a minister called diwan-i-riyasat.
• Measured the cultivable land and fixed the land revenue. Bishwa was declared to be the standard of measurement.
• The state demanded half of the produce.
• Alauddin is credited to have built many forts and the most important of them is Ali Fort. He also constructed the Alai Darwaja, the entrance gate of Qutub Minar.
• He also built the palace of thousand pillars called ‘Hazar Sutun’, Hauz Khas and Jamait Khana post and built his capital at Siri. He adopted the title Sikandar-i-Sahni.
• He is the first Turkish sultan who separated religion from politics.
• He patronized Amir Khusro and Mir Hasan Dehlvi. SUCCESSORS OF ALAUDDIN
• After the death of Alauddin in 1316 AD, Malik Kafur Hazar Dinari seized the throne, but he could not rule for long and nominated Shihabuddin (Alauddin’s sixteenth son) as king.
• Shihabuddin was deposed by Qutubuddin Mubarak Shah (1316 AD–1320 AD).
• Nasiruddin Shah (1320 AD) killed Mubarak Shah and himself was killed by Ghazi Malik, governor of Dipalpur. THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320 AD–1414 AD) GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ
• Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty or the dynasty of the Qaraunah Turks.
• He was the first sultan of Delhi who took up the title of Ghazi or slayer of the infidels.
• Construction of canals and formulation o f a famine policy.
• Started the barter system or sharing of crops.
• He sent his son Jauan Khan to re-establish the authority in Warangal (Kakatiya) and Madurai (Pandyas).
• He built the city of Tughlaqabad near Delhi and made it his capital.
• Sufisaint, Shaikh Nizam-ud-din Aulia said Delhi is far away in regard to him.
• He died in 1325 AD, after a fall from a highraised pavilion. MOHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ (1325AD–1351AD) • Prince Jauan, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, ascended the throne in 1325 AD
. • He had five ambitious projects for which he became particularly debatable. i. Taxation in the Doab (1326 AD) ii. Transfer of Capital (1327 AD): from Delhi to Devagiri. Devagiri was thus named Daulatabad. iii. Introduction of Token Currency (1329 AD) iv. Proposed Khurasan Expedition (1329 AD) v. Qarachil Expedition (1330 AD): His five projects led to revolts.
• He was an expert in Arabic, Persian Astronomy, Philosophy, Maths and Medicine.
• He died in Thatta (Sind) while campaigning against a Turkish slave Taghi.
• A new department of agriculture Diwan-i-Kohi was set up. He built fortress of Adilabad and city of ‘Jahanpanah’. • The famous Moroccan traveller Ibn Batuta came to Delhi in 1334 AD and acted as the Qazi of the capital for eight years. He recorded the contemporary Indian science in his Safranamah (Rahela).
FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1351 AD–1388 AD)
• He was the cousin of Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq. After his death, the nobles and theologians of the court selected Firoz Shah as the next Sultan.
• He decreed that whenever a noble died, his son should be allowed to succeed to his position including his Iqta if he had no sons. His son-in-law and, in his absence, his slave was to succeed.
• Firoz extended the principle o f heredity to the army.
• Firoz tried to win over the theologians proclaiming that he was a true Muslim king and the state under him was truly Islamic.
• He prohibited the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at graves of saints.
• It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a separate tax. Firoz refused to exempt the Brahmanas from payment of Jizya.
• Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were imposed. These taxes were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya and Khams
. • Firoz repaired a number o f canals and imposed Haque-i-Sharb o r Hasil-i-Sharb (water tax). • He was a great builder. The cities of Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur and Firozabad stand to his credit.
• He encouraged the practice of slavery and selected young boys from the conquered territory for the purpose. Diwan-i-Bandagon was created as the department for slaves.
• He brought two pillars of Ashoka from Topara and Meerut to Delhi, and repaired Qutub Minar when it was stuck by lightening. • He established a hospital in Delhi. He was known as Darul-Shifa.
• He introduced two new coins–Adha (50% Jital) and Bikh (25% Jital). Mathura was destroyed during that period. • Barani, the historian, was in his court. He wrote Tarikh-i-Feroshahi and Fatwa-i-Jahangiri.
• However, his rule was marked by peace and tranquility, and the credit for it goes to his Prime Minister Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul. Taxation System Firoz Shah Tughlaq introduced new system of taxation according to Quran.
• Kharaj: A land tax of 1/10th of the procedure of land.
• Zakat: 2.5 tax on property (by muslim only).
• Jaziya: A tax by non-muslim (even by Brahmins).
• Khams:1/6th of the booty captured during war.
AFTER FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ (1388 AD–1414AD)
• After Firoz Shah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah-I succeeded. He was replaced by Abu Bakr Shah in 1389 AD.
• Abu Bakr was replaced by Nasiruddin Muhammad in 1390 AD. Nasiruddin Mohammad was replaced by Alauddin Sikandar Shah for brief in 1394 AD but regained the throne after Sikandar’s death. He ruled till 1412 AD. During his period, Timur invaded India. Timur’s Invasion (1398 AD–1399 AD)
• Timur, the lame, a Turkish Chief invaded India in 1398 during the reign of Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty. Timur returned to Central Asia, leaving a nominee named Khizr Khan to rule in Punjab.
टिप्पणियाँ